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One of the first Jewish settlement “attempts” in Israel outside Jerusalem, alongside Petach Tikva in central Israel. In 1878, religious settlers arrived with the intention of sustaining themselves through their own labor (unlike others who relied on donations). The area was initially named Gei Oni, based on the Arabic name G’oni, from whom the land was legitimately purchased. Despite the project’s initial failure, four years later Romanian settlers bought the land and renamed it Rosh Pina (ראש פינה = “Cornerstone”, from Psalms 118:22). The beginnings were difficult, and they received support from Baron Rothschild and later Baron Hirsch.

Founded in 1883 (יסוד המעלה = “Foundation of the Ascent”, Ezra 9:7), located in the Hula Valley.

Founded in 1910 as a Kvutza (קבוצה = Group), different from a Kibbutz (קיבוץ = Collective). This was the first Kvutza in Israel, which later inspired the Kibbutz model, where members work for a communal fund and share the fruits equally.

An agricultural farm founded in 1908, which became the cradle of great thinkers and political leaders of Israel.